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Individual, branch and circuit vents are permitted to terminate with a connection to an individual or branch-type air-admittance valve. Stack vents and vent stacks should be permitted to terminate to stack-type air-admittance valves. Access should be provided to all air-admittance valves. The air-admittance valve should be rated according to the size of the vent to which it is connected. www.nachi.org

A common vent is one vent that serves more than one fixture, functioning as an individual vent for each fixture. Wet venting is venting single or double bathroom groups or combinations thereof, where one vent pipe may serve all the fixtures connected to the wet vent. Waste-stack venting is venting individual fixtures through a drainage stack, and the over-sized stack functions as the vent. Circuit venting is venting up to eight fixtures with a single vent pipe. A combination drain-and-vent system is restricted to floor drains, sinks and lavatories, and relies on the over-sized drain pipe. Island-fixture venting has a vent installed below the flood-level rim of the fixture before rising to connect to another vent.

Where the drainage system cannot drain by gravity to the sewer, an automatic pump or ejector can be used to discharge the soil and waste. The cover for the pump should be tightly sealed (gas-tight). Sumps, other than pneumatic ejectors, should be vented with a minimum 1-1/4-inch diameter vent pipe. Pumps use mechanical methods to discharge, and pneumatic ejectors use air pressure. Grinder pumps and ejectors pulverize solids to a near-liquid state and pump the slurry to the drainage system.

All cleanouts should be accessible or reachable without having to remove a permanent portion of the structure. Cleanouts are designed to make the interior of a drainage system accessible for clearing stoppages without inconvenience, dismantling wall or ceiling finishes, or disturbing the sanitary drainage system.Cleanout plugs are very common. They are usually located at changes in direction in a drain line and at the bottom of stacks. Cleanouts should be installed to open and allow cleaning in the direction of the flow of the drainage pipe, or at right angles thereto. They must be water-tight and gas-tight. A cleanout plug can be made of brass or plastic. A cleanout plug should have a raised square or a counter-sunk square head where a trip hazard may exist. The square shape minimizes the possibility of stripping the plug during removal.

Modern plumbing, including proper sanitary drainage, is one of the reasons that diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery have been eliminated. Modern plumbing has improved human health and longevity.

Hot water is defined as water of a temperature of 110° F (43° C) or hotter. Tempered water ranges from 85° F to 110° F (29° C to 43° C), and the device supplying the tempered water must limit the temperature to 110° F (43° C).

Ball valves are less restrictive to flow than other valves. The handle clearly indicates whether the valve is open or closed. Ball valves do not control water flow.

Globe valves tend to be restrictive, but can be used to control water flow.

In the connection of a water distribution system to water-heating appliances, there is the potential for the migration of heated water into the water distribution piping. In a typical water distribution system, the water will expand into the public water service. If the expansion of water is not accommodated in the system, dangerously high pressures can develop that can cause damage to piping, components and the water heater.